TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction. Transport in plants Transport in simple plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define transport.

Explain importance of transport in plants and animals.
Describe transport in simple plants.

Q/A and discussion;
Discuss transport in simple animals and plants e.g. mosses.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 1

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pulse rate.
Structure of arteries. Major arteries.
Veins.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the origin of pulse.
Explain effect of exercise on pulse rate.
To describe the structure of arteries.
To identify major arteries in the circulatory system.
To describe the structure of veins.
To explain the need for valves in veins.
To state differences between veins and arteries.

Record number of pulses before and after an exercise.
Brief discussion.
Discussion
Drawing and labeling internal structure of an artery.
Drawing and labeling diagram of an artery.
Discussion and explanations.

Stopwatches.
Chart- cross-section of an artery.
Chart-circulatory system.
Chart-
cross-sections of major blood vessels in the body.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 30 - 31
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 27-29

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Capillaries.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of capillaries.
To explain the role of capillaries in transport

Discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 25-26

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Diseases and defects of the circulatory system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss various diseases and defects of the circulatory system.

Discussion of various diseases and defects of the circulatory system.
Suggest methods of prevention and control.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 31 - 32

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Composition of blood. The plasma.
Red blood cells.
White blood cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state the constituents of blood plasma.
To identify functions of plasma.

To state the functions of red blood cells.
To explain the functions of haemoglobin in r.b.c.
To describe the structure of white blood cells.
To state functions of white blood cells.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book
Wall charts.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 32 - 33
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 33 - 34

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Platelets.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of platelets.
To state functions of platelets.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 35

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Blood clotting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the blood clotting process.

To explain importance of blood clotting.

Exposition of new concepts.
Detailed discussion.

Blood smear, microscope.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 36

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Blood groups, Antigens and antibodies.
Blood transfusion.
The Rhesus factor.
Lymph.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify the four blood groups.
To identify compatible blood groups.
To define blood transfusion.
To identify compatible blood groups.
To identify the universal donor and universal recipient.
To describe the Rhesus factor and its significance.
To describe formation and functions of lymph.

Completing a table of blood groups and the corresponding antigens and antibodies present.
Q/A: Identifying compatible blood groups.
Open discussion.
Completing a table of compatible blood groups.
Review blood groups, antigens and antibodies.
Exposition, discussion and explanations.

Chart-
blood groups, antigens and antibodies.

Blood transfusion resource person.
text book
Chart- the lymphatic system.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 30 - 31

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Immune responses.
Allergic reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between natural and acquired immunity.
To explain the role of vaccines in immune responses.
To define an allergic reaction.
To identify ways in which allergy presents itself.
To explain cause of allergic reactions.

Detailed explanations and open discussion.
To explain the role of vaccination / immunization.
Open discussion on HIV / AIDS.
Q/A: Manifestations of allergy.
Exposition and brief explanations.

Chart- Diseases that children are immunized against;
Resource person.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 40 - 41

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Organ transplant.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organs that are normally transplanted.

Q/A: Organs transplanted.

Superficial discussion.

Topic review.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 43

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Introduction. Gaseous exchange in plants.
Release of CO2 by plants.
Release of O2 by plants.
Stomata.
Opening & closing of stomata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain importance of gaseous exchange.
To describe gaseous exchange in plants.
To describe an experiment to show release of CO2 by plants.
To describe an experiment to show release of O2 by plants.
To describe the structure and explain the functions of stomata.
To describe and explain the mechanism of opening & closing of stomata.

Discussion
Explanations
Q/A: Products of respiration.
Detailed discussion.
Class experiments including control experiments.
Explain the observations made.
Teacher demonstration: Test for the gas evolved.
Discuss observations.
Detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams.

text book
Bicarbonate indicator, boiling tubes, Aluminum foil.
Gas jar,
Glass funnel,
Water plant,
Beaker.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 48
K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 49

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Stomata and habitats of plants.
Lenticels.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To relate plant habitats and the no. of stomata.
To explain the variation between number of stomata on the upper and lower face.
To describe and explain the mechanism of lenticels.

Observe number of stomata of prepared slides of hydrophytes and xerophytes.
Discuss the observations.
Detailed discussion.

Prepared slides of hydrophytes and xerophytes.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 51

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Respiratory surfaces in animals.
Gaseous exchange in protozoa.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a respiratory surface.
To state characteristics of respiratory surfaces.
To identify the environment or medium of operation of respiratory surfaces.
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in an amoeba.

Teacher exposes meaning of a respiratory surface.
Discuss at length, giving examples of organisms that have a given respiratory surface.
Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss briefly gaseous exchange in and out of amoeba.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 53

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in insects.
Breathing in insects.
Number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
Gaseous exchange in a bony fish.
Gaseous exchange in amphibians.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in insects
To describe the breathing mechanism in an insect.
To give an account of the number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
To describe the structure of gills of a bony fish.
To explain how a gill is adapted to function as a respiratory surface.
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in gills.
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a frog.

Drawing tracheal system of a grasshopper.
Discuss at length the structure of the tracheal system.
Detailed discussion.

Observe breathing movements of live specimens of grasshoppers, locusts or cockroaches.
Drawing the abdomen and showing the position and shape of spiracles, and giving reasons thereof.
Drawing and labeling a gill of a fish; stating the function of each part; and stating how it is adapted to its functions.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Various methods of gaseous exchange in a frog.
Discuss gaseous exchange through the mouth, lungs and skin of a frog.

text book
Live specimens of insects,
Hand lenses,
Boiling tubes.
Live specimens of insects.

A gill of a fish.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 53, 54
K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 56

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in mammals.
The structure of the lungs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down parts of the tracheal system in man.
To describe the function of the parts of a system respiratory.
To explain adaptations of the lungs to their functions.

Discuss at length man?s respiratory system.
Drawing labeled diagrams coupled with explanations.

Wall chart- Respiratory system in man.
Wall charts- Structure of lungs.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 59

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Inhalation.
Exhalation.
Thoracic cavity model.
Gaseous exchange in an alveolus.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of inhalation in man.
To describe the process of exhalation in man.
To identify similarities between a model thoracic cavity and an actual thoracic cavity.
To describe gaseous exchange in an alveolus.
To explain regulation of breathing in man.

Showing movements of ribs during inhalation.
Explain the inhalation mechanism.
Showing movements of ribs during exhalation.
Explain the exhalation mechanism.
Teacher presents a model thoracic cavity.
Q/A: Comparing parts of the model cavity and the actual rib cage.
Discussion and explanations.

Chart / model of a rib cage.
Thoracic cavity model.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 61-62
K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 64

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Rate of breathing in man.
Intercostal muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain briefly factors affecting the rate of inhalation / exhalation processes.
To explain the function of intercostal muscles during the breathing system.

Discussion and explanations.
Detailed discussion.
Counting number of inhalations before and after an exercise blow.

text book
Lime water, rib cage model.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 63

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Inhaled and exhaled air.
Diseases of the respiratory system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for CO2 in the air we inhale/ exhale.
To state the causes, symptoms and prevention of respiratory diseases.

Observe colour changes of lime water, and make deductions.
Brief discussion.
Discuss cause, symptoms and prevention of whooping cough TB, bronchitis, etc.

Lime water.
Resource person.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 67

RESPIRATION

Introduction ? Definition and importance of respiration.
Burning food.
The mitochondrion.
Aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able:
To define respiration.
To explain significance of respiration.
To describe an experiment investigating the gas given off when food is burnt.
To state functions of mitochondrion in respiration.
To explain phases of aerobic respiration.
To state difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
To describe anaerobic respiration.

Q/A: Definition
Brief discussion of significance of respiration.
Teacher demonstration: Burning a food sample.
Testing for the gas evolved during combustion.
Drawing structure of the mitochondrion.
Explain function of the mitochondrion.
Detailed discussion.
Writing down equations of food breakdown.
Observe set up experiments.
Detailed discussion punctuated with probing questions:

text book
Wall charts- The mitochond-rion
text book
Glucose
Yeast
Thermometer

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 73-74
K.L.B. BK 2
P. 74

RESPIRATION

Oxygen ?debt?.
Applications of anaerobic respiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the term ?oxygen debt?.
To explain the effect of ?oxygen debt? on the amount of energy released during respiration.
To explain applications of anaerobic respiration.

Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Products of fermentation process.
Listing down various applications of anaerobic respiration.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
P.78

RESPIRATION

Respiratory substrates & respiratory quotient.
Rate of respiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify respiratory substrates in the body.
To define respiratory quotient.
To calculate R.Q.
To state and explain factors affecting rate of respiration.

Brief discussion/ explanations.
Exposition of definition and its significance.
Problem solving.
Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 79

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Introduction- Definition and importance of homeostasis and excretion.
Excretion in plants.
Excretion and homeostasis in unicellular organisms.
Excretion and homeostasis in animals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define homeostasis and excretion.
To explain necessity of excretion in plants and animals.
To name plants excretory products.
To state uses of excretory products of plants.
Describe excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.
To identify excretory organs in various animals.

Q/A: Definitions of digestion, ingestion and egestion, secretion and excretion.
Discuss importance of excretion in plants and animals.
Probing questions.
Exposition of new terms.
Discuss uses and abuses of plant excretory products.
Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss excretion and homeostasis in an amoeba and a paramecium.
Exposition and discussion.
Observe drawings of various animals showing excretory organs.

text book
Some plants excretory products.
text book
Specimens of platyhelmin-thes, annelida, insects.

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 83-84
K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 84-85

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The mammalian skin.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw and label the structure of the mammalian skin.
To describe functions of parts of the mammalian skin.

Permanent slides of mammalian skin.

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 86-87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The lungs.
The kidneys structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of lungs as excretory organs.
To describe the external structure of kidney.
To describe the internal structure of the kidney.

Exposition and discussion.
Observe external features of a kidney.
Observe internal drawing and labeling of the kidney.

Chart/ model- Mammalian lungs.
Wall-Charts?internal organs of a kidney.

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 87

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

The nephron.
Urine formation.
The loop of Henle.
Kidney diseases and disorders.
The Liver.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the nephron.
To explain formation of urine.
To explain the function of the loop of Henle; and how it?s adapted to its function.
To discuss the role of ADH in determination of concentration of urine.
To name kidney diseases and disorders and state methods of prevention and / treatment.
To draw and label a diagram of the liver.

Discuss features of the nephron.
Draw structure of the nephron.
Label the diagram.
Detailed discussion.
Discussion and explanations.
Probing questions.
Discussion and Explanations.
Drawing and labeling diagram of the liver.

Chart?Kidney nephron.
chart
Chart-
The nephron.
text book
Chart-Structure of the liver

K.L.B. BK 2 PP 92